Rabu, 25 Januari 2023

List of Collocations

 





Ask a favour

Ask a question

Ask about

Ask after somebody

Ask for advice

Ask for directions

Ask for something

Ask permission

Ask about

Ask if/ whether

Break a bone/ your arm

Break a code

Break a habit

Break a law

Break a leg

Break a promise

Break a record

Break a window

Break even

Break free

Break ground

Break loose

Break new ground

Break news

Break one’s fall

Break someone’s heart

Break the bank

Break the ice

Break the mold

Break the news to someone

Break the rules

Break the silence

Break the spell

Break wind

Catch on fire

Catch a ball

Catch a bus/ a train

Catch a chill

Catch a cold

Catch a glimpse

Catch a thief

Catch a whiff

Catch sight of

Catch someone Red Handed 

Catch someone’s attention

Catch someone’s eye

Catch the flu

Catch you Later!

Catch your breath

Come clean about

Come close

Come complete with

Come early

Come first

Come into view

Come last

Come late

Come on time

Come prepared

Come right back

Come to a compromise

Come to a conclusion

Come to a decision

Come to a realization

Come to a stand still (idiom)

Come to a stop

Come to an agreement

Come to an end

Come to life

Come to rescue

Come to terms with

Come under attack

Come up with

Do a course

Do a deal

Do a favour

Do a good/great/terrible job

Do a report

Do anything/something/everything

Do badly

Do better

Do crosswords

Do damage

Do business

Do exercise

Do experiments

Do good

Do gymnastics

Do harm

Do homework

Do laundry

Do nothing

Do research

Do someone a favour

Do something right

Do something wrong

Do sums

Do the cleaning

Do the cooking

Do the dishes

Do the housework

Do the ironing

Do the math

The maximum

Do the minimum

Do the paperwork

Do the right thing

Do the shopping

Do the washing up

Do well

Do work

Do your best

Do your duty

Do Your hair

Do your makeup

Do your nails

Get a call

Get a chance

Get a clue

Get a cold

Get a degree/ a diploma

Get a job

Get a joke

Get a letter (receive)

Get a shock

Get a splitting headache

Get a tan

Get a ticket

Get a/the right

Get angry

Get changed (change clothes)

Get cool

Get dark

Get divorced

Get dressed/ undressed

Get drunk

Get enthusiastic

Get fired

Get frightened

Get getting dark

Get good/top/bad marks

Get home (arrive)

Get hot (ter)

Get hungry

Get into trouble

Get lost

Get married

Get nowhere

Get old

Get one hair cut

Get out of breath

Get permission

Get pregnant

Get ready for

Get sleep

Get started

Get stuck in a traffic jam

Get the impression

Get the message

Get the sack

Get the ticket (buy)

Get tired

Get to sleep

Get together

Get upset

Get wet

Get worried

Give a call (a ring, a buzz)

Give a chance

Give a choice

Give a damn

Give a hand

Give a headache

Give a hug or kiss

Give a lecture or speech or performance

Give a ride

Give advice

Give an answer

Give an example

Give an idea

Give an opinion

Give birth

Give credit

Give evidence

Give notice

Give permission

Give priority

Give rise to

Give a call

Give a chance

Give a lift

Give a go

Give the impression

Give thought to

Give up

Give up hope

Give way

Go abroad

Go astray

Go bad

Go bald

Go bankrupt

Go blind

Go crazy

Go deaf

Go finishing

Go insane (idiom)

Go mad/angry

Go missing

Go on a date

Go on a picnic

Go on foot

Go online

Go out of business

Out of fashion

Go overseas

Go quiet

Go sailing

Go smoothly

Go to the beach/to the movie

Go to war

Have a baby

Have a backache

Have a bad fall

Have a bad temper

Have a bath

Have a birthday

Have a bite

Have a break

Have a business trip

Have a busy day

Have a career/a goal

Have a chance

Have a chat

Have a cold

Have a competition

Have a confrontation

Have a conversation/chat

Have a cup of tea/ coffee

Have a dance

Have a day off

Have a depression/etc

Have a discussion

Have a dispute

Have a doubt

Have a dream

Have a drill

Have a drink

Have a feeling

Have a fight

Have a fit

Have a game

Have a glass of wine

Have a go

Have a goal

Have a good time

Have a good/nice/etc day!

Have a great weekend

Have a haircut

Have a hard time

Have a headache

Have a holiday

Have a jacuzzi

Have a jog

Have a laugh

Have a lecture

Have a lesson

Have a lie down

Have a limp

Have a lisp

Have a listen

Have a look

Have a massage

Have a meal

Have a meeting

Have a moment

Have a nap

have a nightmare

Have a party/concert

Have a passion for

Have a plan

Have a problem

Have a quarrel

Have a relationship

Have a rest

Have a ride

Have a right

Have a run

Have a safe journey

Have a salad

Have a sandwich

Have a scrub

Have a shave

Have a shower

Have a smell

Have a snack

Have a snooze

Have a stretch

Have a stroke

Have a swim

Have a talk

Have a taste

Have a temperature

Have a think

Have a touch

Have a try

Have a walk

Have a wash

Have a wish

Have a word

Have a workout

Have access (to)

Have an accident

Have an appointment with

Have an argument

Have an effect (on)

Have an energy bar

Have an event

Have an exam

Have an excuse

Have an experience

Have an ice cream

Have an idea

Have an interview

Have an opportunity

Have breakfast/lunch/dinner

Have difficulty

Have faith

Have food

Have fun

Have a good time

Have no education

Have no fear

Have patience

Have rest

Have room

Have self esteem

Have sex

Have skills

Have some sugar/ milk

Have something to eat

Have soul

Have success

Have sympathy

Have the chance (to)

Have time

Have trouble

Have work

Keep a diary

Keep a promise

Keep a secret

Keep an appointment

Keep calm

Keep control

Keep in touch

Keep quiet

Keep records

Keep score

Keep someone place

Keep the change

Keep your balance

Make a break with somebody

Make a bed

Make a bundle (idiom)

Make a cake

Make a call

Make a choice

Make a comment

Make a complaint

Make a confession

Make  an admission

Make a contract

Make a cup of tea

Make a deal

Make a decision

Make a difference

Make a discovery

Make a dress

Make a fire

Make a fool of yourself

Make a fortune

Make a fuss

Make a habit

Make a joke

Make a list

Make a living

Make a mess

Make a mistake

Make a move

Make a note (of)

Make a pass at

Make a phone call

Make a point

Make a prediction

Make a presentation

Make a profit

Make a promise

Make a recovery

Make a remark

Make a reservation

Make a rude gesture

Make a salad

Make a sales call

Make a sandwich

Make a snack

Make a sound

Make a speech

Make a statement

Make a suggestion

Make a take over

Make a tea

Make a threat

Make amends

Make an agreement

Make an allusion

Make an appearance

Make an appointment

Make an arrangement

Make an attempt

Make an effort

Make an enquiry

Make an exception

Make an excuse

Make an impression

Make an objection

Make an observation

Make an offer

Make arrangements

Make believe

Make breakfast

Make  lunch

Make dinner

Make changes

Make coffee

Make contact

Make ends meet

Make food

Make friends

Make fun of someone

Make furniture

Make love

Make money

Make noise

Make one bow

Make my own way back

Make peace

Make plans

Make progress

Make an effort

Make room

Make sb feel sth

Make sense

Make someone angry/mad/happy/sad

Make sth easy

Make sure

Make the bed

Make time

Make tracks

Make trouble

Make up

Make up your mind

Make war

Make your bed

Pay a bill

Pay a fine

Pay a visit

Pay attention

Pay by credit card

Pay cash

Pay interest

Pay one’s respects

Pay someone a compliment

Pay someone a visit

Save electricity

Save energy

Save lives

Save money

Save one’s strength

Save someone a seat

Save someone’s life

Save something

Save space

Save time

Save yourself the trouble

Say a few words

Say a word

Say for certain/sure

Say good morning/afternoon

Say goodbye

Say hello

Say no more

Say nothing

Say something

Say sorry

Say yes/no

Take (sb) to court

Take (sb’s) temperature

Take a bite

Take a bow

Take a break

Take a call

Take a chance

Take a class

Take a decision (make)

Take a holiday

Take a lesson

Take a look

Take a message

Take a nap

Take a number

Take a photo/ a photograph

Take a picture

Take a rest

Take a risk

Take a seat

Take a shower (have)

Take a step

Take a taxi/bus/train/plane

Take a test

Take a while/ a minute/ five minutes

Take action

Take advantage (of)

Take advice

Take ages

Take an exam/ a test/ a course

Take an opportunity

Take care

Take care of

Take charge

Take drugs

Take exercise

Take hostage

Take medicine

Take notes

Take notice

Take part

Take place

Take pride in

Take prisoner

Take sb’s place

Take someone’s temperature

Take time

Take time of (away form work for holidays or to do sth)

Take turns

Take up space

Take your time

Tell a joke

Tell a lie

Tell a secret

Tell a story

Tell sb the time

Tell the difference

Tell the future

Tell the time

Tell the truth

Tell your name

Abuse drugs

Accept (a) defeat

Accept a challenge

Accept an apology

Accept an invitation

Accept responsibility

Achieve a goal

Admit defeat

Against the law

Answer a letter

Answer a prayer

Answer a question

Answer an advertisement

Answer the door

Answer the phone

Apply for a job

Attract attention

Attract sb’s attention

Balance a budget

Bear a resemblance (to sb/sth)

Beat a record

Beat to death

Blow your nose

Book a flight

Boost morale

Bring about change

Bring attention to

Bring to an end

Bring to justice

Call a meeting

Call a name

Call a strike

Call an election

Call attention to

Call in sick

Call sb names

Call the police

Carry weight

Cast a spell

Cast a vote

Cast doubt

Cause trouble

Change course

Change the subject

Change your mind

Claim responsibility

Close the gap

Commit suicide

Conduct research

Consider a possibility

Cost a fortune

Cover costs

Cross sb’s mind

Cut costs

Declare war

Deliver a baby

Doesn’t matter

Drop the subject

Earn a living

Eke out a living

Enter a plea

Enter politics

Exceed expectations

Express concern

Express interest (in)

Extend a deadline

Face a challenge

Face the fact(s)

Fail miserably

Fall in love

Fight a fire

Fight a war

Fight corruption

Fill a gap

Fill in a form

Find time

Fire a shot

Follow a pattern

Follow advice

Follow directions

Follow instructions

Gain access

Hold a referendum

Hold an election

Hold an inquiry

Hold hands

Hold office

Hold sb hostage

Hold sb prisoner

Hold talks

Hurt sb’s feelings

Impose conditions

Impose restrictions

Impose sanctions

Issue a permit

Join a club

Join forces

Join the army

Jump to a conclusion

Kick a goal

Kill time

Know the score

Lay the groundwork

Lead the field

Lead the way

Lead the world

Lead to believe

Leading role

Leave a message

Leave home

Leave school

Light a fire

Live at home

Lose a game

Lose a job

Lose control

Lose faith

Lose hope

Lose interest

Lose money

Lose weight

Lose your life

Lose your temper

Love dearly

Meet a need

Meet a standard

Meet a target

Meet opposition

Meet with approval

Miss a flight

Miss a goal

Miss an opportunity

Obey an order

Offer a job

Offer an explanation

Offer condolences

Offer your services

Open an account

Open an investigation

Open fire

Owe an apology

Owe an explanation

Pack a suitcase

Part company

Pass (the) time

Pass a law

Pass a test

Pass the time

Pick your nose

Place an order

Play a part

Play music

Pose a risk

Pose a threat

Press a key

Pull a muscle

Push a button

Put on weight

Put out a cigarette

Put out a fire

Put up prices

Put up wages

Put up your hand

Quit a job

Quit drinking

Quit smoking

Raise a family

Raise doubts

Raise hopes

Raise money

Raise questions

Raise taxes

Raise your voice

Rapid growth

Reach a verdict

Reach an agreement

Read aloud

Repair damage

Resort to violence

Restore confidence

Restore order

Retain control

Return a call

Return fire

Return home

Run a business

Run the risk of

Safety net

Satisfy a need

Satisfy a requirement

Satisfy demand

Scare tactic

Score a goal

See reason

Serve a purpose

Serve interests

Set a date

Set a goal

Set a record

Set a standard

Set a table

Set an alarm

Set fire to | set on fire

Set menu

Solve a crime

Solve a problem

Spend time

Spend your life

Stall for time

Stand trial

Stay awake

Strike a balance (btw)

Take time off

Turn a corner

Turn around

Undergo surgery

Undergo treatment

Use sb’s phone

Vote against

Vote for

Wage war

Wait your turn

Warm welcome

Waste an opportunity

Waste money

Waste time

Watch your weight

Wave goodbye

Win a game

Win a war

Win an award

Win an election

Worth a fortune

Yield results

Regain control

A cause of

A photograph of

Address of

Advantage of

Awareness of

Disadvantage of

Exhibition of

Experience of

Fear of

Grasp of

Habit of

Knowledge of

Love of

Member of

Memory of

Method of

Possibility of

Problem of

Process of

Risk of

Understanding of

Cause of

Example of

Way of

Relevance of

A check for (amount of money)

Reason for

Admiration for

Advertisement for

Approval for

Arguments for

Bid for

Case for

Credit for

Cure for

Demand for

Desire for

Fondness for

Hatred for

Love for

Need for

Preference for

Recipe for

Reputation for

Respect for

Responsibility for

Room for

Search for

Talent for

Thirst for

Arguments with

Concern with

Connection with

Contact with

Date with

Dealings with

Difficulty with

Involvement with

Link with

Meeting with

Quarrel with

Relationship with

Sympathy with

A decrease in

A fall in

A rise in

An increase in

Belief in

Change in

Course in

Delay in

Difference in

Difficulty in

Experience in

Growth in

Interest in

Lesson in

Participation in

Place in

Success in

Debate on

Information on

Hold on

Agreement on

Ban on

Congratulations on

Decision on

Report on

Age at

Attempt at

Point at

Anger at

Access to

Addiction to

Allusion to

An attitude to

An invitation to

Approach to

Change to

Concern to

Contribution to

Damage to

Dedication to

Desire to

Devotion to

Invitation to

Newcomer to

Reaction to

Reason to

Reference to

Relevance to

Resistance to

Response to

Solution to

Threat to

Transition to

Visit to

Agreement about

Anxiety about

Concern about

Confusion about

Debate about

Decision about

Information about

Story about

Inquiry into

Investigation into

Research into

Translation into

Acquainted with

Angry with

Annoyed with

Associated with

Blessed with

Bored with

Busy with

Careless with

Clever with

Comfortable with

Concerned with

Connected with

Content with

Coordinated with

Crowded with

Delighted with

Familiar with

Disgusted with

Fed up with

Free with

Friendly/unfriendly with

Furious with

Furnished with

Generous with

Gentle with

Happy with

Impressed with

Cluttered with

Lucky with

Patient with

Careful with

Pleased with

Popular with

Satisfied with

Wrong with

Accused of

Afraid of

Ashamed of

Aware of

Capable of

Certain of

Clever of

Conscious of

Envious of

Fond of

Free of

Frightened of

Full of

Generous of

Guilty of

Hopeful of

In charge of

In danger of

In favor of

Innocent of

Jealous of

Kind of

Made of

Nasty of

Nervous of

Nice of

Proud of

Rid of

Scared of

Selfish of

Sensible of

Sick of

Silly of

Stupid of

Sure of

Suspicious of

Tired of

True of

Typical of

Unkind of

Eligible for

Eager for

Late for

Mean for

Qualified for

Thankful for

Concerned for

Clever for

Happy for

True for

Good for

Free for

Bad for

Difficult for

Grateful for

Hard for

Known for

Notorious for

Prepared for

Ready for

Renowned for

Responsible for something

Serious for

Suitable for

Thirsty for

Famous for something

Sorry for

Angry about

Annoyed about

Anxious about

Careful about

Careless about

Certain about

Concerned about

Crazy about

Curious about

Depressed about

Enthusiastic about

Excited about

Furious about

Guilty about

Happy about

Hopeful about

Mad about

Nervous about

Obsessed about

Optimistic about

Pessimistic about

Puzzled about

Sensitive about

Serious about

Sorry about

Sure about

Sympathetic about

Terrible about

Upset about

Worried about

Wrong about

Amazed at

Angry at

Annoyed at

Awful at

Bad at

Brilliant at

Clever at

Delighted at

Disappointed at

Excellent at

Excited at

Good at

Hopeless at

Mad at

Presented at

Skilled at

Successful at

Surprised at

Terrible at

Slow at

Lucky at

Amazed by

Delighted by

Disturbed by

Excited by

Fascinated by

Impressed by

Inspired by

Selfish by

Shocked by

Surprised by

Comfortable in

Connected in

Disappointed in

Experienced in

Interested in

Polite/impolite in

Present in

Skilled in

Slow in

Successful in

Talented in

Different from

Safe from

Rude from

Free from

Happy to

Delighted to

Pleased to

Concerned to

Familiar to

Proud to

Kind to

Rude to

Scared to

Free to

Good to

Nasty to

Nice to

Unkind to

Accustomed to

Addicted to

Allergic to

Anxious to

Apposed to

Attached to

Beneficial to

Cruel to

Curious to

Disappointed to

Eager to

Eligible to

Exposed to

Faithful to

Grateful to

Identical to

Immune to

Indifferent to

Inferior to

Keen to

Late to

Limited to

Married to

Mean to

Polite/impolite to

Qualified to

Related to

Relevant to

Sad to

Sensitive to

Similar to

Slow to

Superior to

Sympathetic to

Thankful to

Unreasonable to

Wrong to

Account for

Admire for

Allow for

Apologize for

Ask for

Be for

Blame for

Care for

Charge for

Congratulate for

Count for

Earmark for

Excuse for

Forgive for

Keep for

Pay for

Pray for

Prepare for

Scold for

Search for

Substitute for

Thank for

Vote for

Vouch for

Wait for

Wish for

Work for

Add to

Admit to

Answer to

Apologize to

Appeal to

Apply oneself to

Ask to

Attend to

Attribute to

Be resigned to

Belong to

Commit to

Complain to

Confess to

Consent to

Contribute to

Devote to

Explain to

Happen to

Introduce to

Invite to

Lend to

Listen to

Look forward to

Matter to

Object to

Pray to

Prefer to

React to

Refer to

Resort to

Respond to

See to

Speak to

Subject to

Subscribe to

Talk to

Travel to

Compare to

Agree on

Base on

Be on

Blame on

Comment on

Concentrate on

Congratulate on

Count on

Depend on

Elaborate on

Impose on

Insist on

Play on

Pride on

Rely on

Work on

Ask about

Concern about

Argue about

Be about

Boast about

Care about

Decide about

Dream about

Forget about

Know about

Laugh about

Protest about

Think about

Worry about

Acquaint with

Agree with

Associate with

Charge with

Clutter with

Coincide with

Collide with

Compare with

Comply with

Confront with

Confuse with

Cover with

Cram with

Deal with

Discuss with

Help with

Ingratiate oneself with

Meet with

Pack with

Plead with

Provide with

Speak with

Talk with

Tamper with

Trust with

Bar from

Benefit from

Borrow from

Derive from

Deter from

Differ from

Distinguish from

Distract from

Choose from

Come from

Escape from

Exempt from

Expel from

Emerge from

Expect from

Forbid from

Graduate from

Hear from

Hide from

Prevent from

Prohibit from

Protect from

Recover from

Refrain from

Rescue from

Resign from

Rest from

Result from

Save from

Separate from

Stem from

Stop from

Subtract from

Suffer from

Arrive in

Absorb in

Be engrossed in

Believe in

Confide in

Implicate in

Involve in

Participate in

Result in

Specialize in

Succeed in

Trust in

Accuse of

Approve of

Consist of

Convict of

Get rid of

Remind of

Suspect of

Take advantage of

Take care of

Work at

Arrive at

Glance at

Guess at

Hint at

Marvel at

Smile at

Stare at

All alone

All along

All over

Almost certainly

Any more

Dead ahead

Not necessarily (so)

Nowhere near

Only just

Pretty well

Quite a lot

Quite enough

Quite often

Right away

Right now

Absolutely necessary

Absolutely/utterly(quite, really) alone

Absolutely/utterly(quite, really) amazed

Absolutely/utterly(quite, really) appalled

Absolutely/utterly(quite, really) beautiful

Absolutely/utterly(quite, really) convinced

Absolutely/utterly(quite, really) devastated

Absolutely/utterly(quite, really) fantastic

Absolutely/utterly(quite, really) furious

Absolutely/utterly(quite, really) impossible

Absolutely/utterly(quite, really) miserable

Absolutely/utterly(quite, really) ridiculous

Absolutely/utterly(quite, really) stupid

Absolutely/utterly(quite, really) wrong

Actively involved

Badly hurt

Barely able (to do something)

Blissfully unaware

Bitterly cold

Bitterly complain

Bitterly criticise

Bitterly disappointed

Bitterly regret

Bitterly resent

Blissfully ignorant

Completely amazed

Completely different

Completely fantastic

Completely strong

Dead tired

Deeply affected

Deeply ashamed

Deeply care

Deeply committed

Deeply competitive

Deeply concerned

Deeply divided

Deeply hurt

Deeply moved

Deeply offended

Deeply regret

Deeply religious

Deeply shocked

Deeply unhappy

Deeply worried

Drop-dead gorgeous

Fiercely competitive

Fully aware

Happily married

Highly controversial

Highly effective

Highly probable

Highly profitable

Highly recommended

Highly successful

Highly unlikely

Highly unusual

Openly gay

Painfully shy

Painfully slow

Painfully thin

Perfectly normal

Pretty good

Quietly confident

Quite good

Quite right

Quite sure

Readily available

Reasonably happy

Reasonably priced

Reasonably well

Ridiculously cheap

Ridiculously early

Ridiculously easy

Ridiculously long

Ridiculously small

Ruggedly handsome

Scared stiff

Strongly argue

Strongly believe

Strongly condemn

Strongly deny

Strongly dislike

Strongly feel

Strongly influence

Strongly object

Strongly oppose

Strongly recommend

Strongly suggest

Strongly support

Very, extremely, incredibly, terribly, awfully, fairly, a bit(+ quite, really)+ weak/good/surprised/angry

Absolute agony

Absolute despair

Active ingredient

Alphabetical order

Alternative energy

Alternative medicine

Artificial limb

Back pay

Back road

Back street

Back taxes

Bad breath

Bad diet

Bad habit

Bad loser

Bad mood

Bad temper

Balanced diet

Bare essentials

Basic right

Best friends

Big brother | big sister

Big deal

Big decision

Big decision

Big disappointment

Big dreamer

Big drinker

Big eater

Big improvement

Big mistake

Big money

Big surprise

Big talker

Blind faith

Blind loyalty

Blind obedience

Blond hair

Brief chat

Bright color

Bright future

Bright idea

Broken home

Casual clothes

Casual relationship

Certain amount

Chilly day / night / wind chilly weather

Chilly reception

Clear message

Clear understanding

Clean energy

Common knowledge

Common language

Complete agreement

Complete idiot

Daily life

Dead body

Dead end

Dead-end job

Deadly weapon

Deafening silence

Deep depression

Deep devotion

Deep feeling

Deep pockets

Deep sleep

Deep thought

Deep trouble

Detailed description

Direct flight

Direct quote

Dirty joke

Dirty laundry

Dirty player

Distant relative

Dual nationality

Early days

Early night

Early riser

Early start

Easy answer

Easy money

Easy question

Economic growth

Educational game

Empty promises

Empty words

Entry-level job

Equal rights

Essential services

Ethical investment

Ethical standards

Ethnic minority

Ethnic tensions

Even number

Excruciating pain

Express bus/coach/train

Express service / mail

Express wish / aim / purpose

Fair deal

False impression

False teeth

Familiar face

Fatal accident

Fatal mistake

Flat battery

Flat tyre

Foreign policy

Free speech

Free spirit

Front door

Front page

Front row

Front seat

Good cause

Good chance

Good company

Good deal

Good luck

Good time

Great admiration

Great anger

Great deal of

Great detail

Great disappointment

Great enjoyment

Great excitement

Great failure

Great fun

Great happiness

Great joy

Great length

Great number

Great power

Great pride

Great quantity

Great sensitivity

Great skill

Great strength

Great understanding

Great wealth

Growing number (of)

Guilty conscience

Guilty party

Happy ending

Happy hour

Hard day

Hard exam

Hard job

Hard life / evidence / drugs

Hard work

Healthy diet

Heavy book / bag / suitcase / load

Heavy coat / sweater

Heavy drinker

Heavy drinker

Heavy features

Heavy losses

Heavy meal

Heavy rain

Heavy schedule

Heavy sleeper

Heavy smoker/drinker

Heavy snow

Heavy traffic

Heavy traffic / rain / snow

Heavy week

Heavy workload

Hidden extras

High level

High quality

High standard

High/low cost

High/low density

High/low energy

High/low esteem

High/low expectation (of)

High/low level (of)

High/low opinion

High/low pressure

High/low price

High/low quality

High/low speed

Honest mistake

Human cost

Human error

Human life

Icy wind

Ill effects

Ill health

Immediate action

Immediate family

Immediate future

Innocent victim

Inside information

Intense pressure

Internal injury

Internal organ

Irreparable damage

Joint account

Joint effort

Joint owners

Just cause

Key issue

Key role

Large amount

Large number (of)

Large population

Large proportion

Large quantity

Large scale

Late night

Legal advice

Level playing-field

Level teaspoon

Liquid refreshments

Little brother/ little sister

Live music

Living things

Long time

Long way

Loved one

Maiden voyage

Main course

Main road

Main thing

Major problem

Married couple

Mass market

Medical care

Medical history

Mental illness

Missing in action

Mixed feelings

Moral obligation

Mysterious circumstances

Nasty habit

Nasty shock

Native country

Native speaker

Natural causes

Natural disaster

Natural resources

Negative attitude

Nervous wreck

Net profit

Net result

Net worth

New generation

New job

Next time

Next-door neighbors

Nice time

Non-stop flight

Occupational hazard

Odd number

Odd socks

Old age

Old friend

Opening hours

Optional extras

Organic farming

Overall effect

Painful memory

Painful reminder

Personal belongings

Political prisoner

Poor eyesight

Poor health

Popular belief

Private life

Public opinion

Quick fix

Quick reply

Quiet life

Quiet night

Racial discrimination

Radical reform

Rainy day

Rave review

Real life

Real wages

Reasonable explanation

Regular exercise

Rhetorical question

Rich colors / sounds / smells / tastes

Rich history / culture / vocabulary

Rich person

Rich sauce / cake

Rough draft

Rough estimate

Rough idea

Round number

Runny nose

Safe distance

Serious accident

Serious illness

Serious injury

Severe penalty

Severe pressure

Severe rain/shortage

Severe weather/winter

Speedy recovery

Steady job

Steady relationship

Stiff competition

Strong accent

Strong coffee / cheese

Strong criticism

Strong denial

Strong influence

Strong person / animal / wind / current

Strong smell / taste / colour / accent/sense

Strong supporter / opponent

Strong view

Tight grip

Tight schedule

Total bliss

Total ecstasy

Total madness

Ulterior motive

Uncertain future

Unfair dismissal

Urban sprawl

Utter catastrophe

Utter loathing

Vague idea

Vague memory

Valid point

Valid reason

Valuable contribution

Valuable information

Valuable lesson

Violent movie

Visiting hours

Vital organs

Vital role

Weak point

Wear and tear

Welcome change

Wild animal

Wrong number

Wrong way

Young child

Young couple

Young person

Zero tolerance

Zero visibility


Minggu, 15 Januari 2023

Using Pronouns Correctly

Overview of Pronoun Case

Only two parts of speech, nouns and pronouns, have case. This means that they change form

depending on how they are used in a sentence. English has three cases: nominative, objective,

and possessive.

   ● In the nominative case, the pronoun is used as a subject.

      I threw the ball.

   ● In the objective case, the pronoun is used as an object.

      Give the ball to me.

   ● In the possessive case, the pronoun is used to show ownership.

      The ball is mine.

The following chart shows the three cases of personal pronouns:

Nominative                                Objective                    Possessive

(Pronoun as subject)           (Pronoun as object)           (Ownership)

I                                                  me                                my, mine

you                                              you                              your, yours

he                                                him                               his

she                                               her                                her, hers

it                                                   it                                   its

we                                                 us                                  our, ours

they                                               them                             their, theirs

who                                               whom                            whose

whoever                                        whomever                     whoever


To avoid errors in personal pronoun use, you must understand how to use each case. The

rules are explained below. Relax: They’re actually not difficult at all!


Using the Nominative Case

1. Use the nominative case to show the subject of a verb.

   Father and (I, me) like to shop at flea markets.

   Answer: I is the subject of the sentence. Therefore, the pronoun is in the nominative case:

   “Father and I like to shop at flea markets.”


To help determine the correct pronoun, take away the first subject and try each choice.

See which one sounds better. For example:

   I like to shop at flea markets.

   Me like to shop at flea markets.

   The first one definitely sounds better.


Quick Tip

When you list two or more subjects, always put yourself last. Therefore, the 

sentence would read “Father and I,” never “I and Father.”


   (Who, Whom) do you believe is the better shopper?

   Answer: Who is the subject of the verb is. Therefore, the sentence would read, “Who do

   you believe is the better shopper?”

Ignore interrupting expressions such as do you believe, you think, do you suppose (and so

on). They do not affect pronoun case.


2. Use the nominative case for a predicate nominative.

A predicate nominative is a noun or pronoun that follows a linking verb and identifies or

renames the subject. Remember that a linking verb connects a subject to a word that

renames it. Linking verbs indicate a state of being (am, is, are, etc.), relate to the senses

(look, smell, taste, etc.), or indicate a condition (appear, seem, become, etc.).

   The salesman of the month was (I, me).

   Answer: Use I, since the pronoun renames the subject, the salesman of the month. “The

   salesman of the month was I.”


Which is correct: “It is I” or “It is me”? Technically, the correct form is “It is I,” since

we’re dealing with a predicate nominative. However, “It is me” (and “It is us”) has

become increasingly acceptable as standard usage.


Using the Objective Case

1. Use the objective case to show a direct object.

A direct object is a noun or pronoun that receives the action.

   John’s suit no longer fits (he, him).

   Answer: John’s suit no longer fits him.

   (Who, Whom) did she finally invite to the dinner party?

   Answer: She is the subject, the person doing the action. Therefore, the sentence should

   read: “Whom did she finally invite to the dinner party?”

   Answer: Of course, she can invite whomever she wants.


Quick Tip

When you have a pronoun combined with a noun (such as we guests, us guests),

try the sentence without the noun. You can usually “hear” which pronoun sounds

right.

   It is always a pleasure for we to attend their party.

   It is always a pleasure for us to attend their party.

   The second sentence is correct.


2. Use the objective case to show an indirect object.

An indirect object tells to or for whom something is done. You can tell a word is an indi�rect object if you can insert to or for before it without changing the meaning. For example:

“The book gave (to) my boss and (to) me some new strategies.”

   The bill gave (we, us) a shock.

   Answer: The bill gave us a shock.


3. Use the objective case for the object of a preposition.

Remember that a preposition is a small word that links a noun or a pronoun following it

to another word in the sentence.

   Sit by (I, me).

   Answer: The pronoun is the object of the preposition me, so the sentence reads: “Sit

   by me.”


Using the Possessive Case

1. Use the possessive case to show ownership.

   The child refused to admit that the sweater was (her’s, hers).

   Answer: Hers is the correct spelling of the possessive case, which is needed here to

   express ownership (belonging to her). Therefore, the sentence should read: “The child

   refused to admit that the sweater was hers.”


2. Use the possessive case before gerunds.

A gerund is a form of a verb that acts as a noun. Gerunds always end in -ing, and they

always function as nouns.

   (You, Your) walking in the rain didn’t cause your cold.

   Answer: The gerund walking requires the possessive pronoun your. Therefore, the sentence    should read: “Your walking in the rain didn’t cause your cold.”

   Do you mind (my, me) borrowing your cell phone?

   Answer: Do you mind my borrowing your cell phone?


3. Use some possessive pronouns alone to show ownership.

This cell phone is mine, not yours.


Three Other Rules for Using Pronouns

Here are three more rules that apply to pronouns and case.

1. A pronoun used in apposition with a noun is in the same case as the noun.

An appositive phrase is a noun or pronoun that adds information and details. Appositives

can often be removed from the sentence, so they are set off with commas. The appositive

in the following sentence is underlined.

   Two police officers, Alice and (she, her), were commended for bravery.

   Answer: The pronoun must be in the nominative case (she) because it is in apposition

   with the noun police officers, which is in the nominative case. Therefore, the sentence

   should read: Two police officers, Alice and she, were commended for bravery.

Exception: A pronoun used as the subject of an infinitive is in the objective case. For example: “Juan expects Luz and (I, me) to host the reception.” The correct pronoun here is me,

since it is the subject of the infinitive to host.


Quick Tip

Pronouns that express ownership never get an apostrophe. Watch for these 

possessive pronouns: yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs.


2. Use -self forms correctly with reflexive and intensive situations.

As you learned in Chapter 1, reflexive pronouns reflect back to the subject or object.

   The child embarrassed himself.

Don’t use reflexive pronouns in place of subjects and objects.

   The boss and (myself, I) had a meeting.

   Answer: Use the pronoun I, not the reflexive form. Therefore, the sentence reads: “The

   boss and I had a meeting.”


3. Who is the nominative case; whom is the objective case.

No one will argue that who and whom are the most troublesome pronouns in English.

Even though who and whom were discussed earlier in this chapter, these little words cause

such distress that they deserve their own subsection. Let’s start by looking back at our 

pronoun-use chart.

                                    Nominative                        Objective                         Possessive

                                   (Subject case)                    (Object case)                   (Ownership)

Singular                          who                                    whom                             whose

                                        whoever                             whomever                      whosoever

Plural                               who                                    whom                            whose

                                        whoever                              whomever                     whosoever


Now, some guidelines:

● Use who or whoever when the pronoun is the subject of a verb.

   Who won the Nobel Prize this year?

● Use who or whoever when the pronoun is the predicate nominative.

   The winner was who?

● Use whom or whomever when the pronoun is the direct object of a verb or the object of a

preposition.

   Whom did he fire this week?


Use Correct Pronoun Reference

The meaning of a pronoun comes from its antecedent, the noun or pronoun to which it refers.

Your speech and writing will be confusing if your pronoun reference is unclear.

Carelessly placed pronouns can create unintentionally funny sentences as well as confus�ing ones. Consider the difference between what the writer thinks he or she said and what is

really being said in the following sentences:

Last week, a wart appeared on my right thumb, and I want it removed.

(Are you removing the wart or the thumb?)

Guilt and unkindness can be emotionally destructive to you and your friends. You must

get rid of them.

(Are you getting rid of the guilt or your friends?)


There are three ways to prevent pronoun confusion.

1. A pronoun must clearly refer to a single antecedent.

2. Place pronouns close to their antecedents.

3. Make a pronoun refer to a definite antecedent.


Let’s look at each guideline in detail.

1. A pronoun must clearly refer to a single antecedent. A common writing and speech problem occurs when the same pronoun refers to more than one antecedent. For instance, in the

last example in the previous section, them can refer to guilt, unkindness, or your friends.

Remember that a pronoun replaces a noun. To make sure that your writing and speech

are clear, always use the noun first before you use the pronoun. Clarify the sentence by

replacing the unclear pronouns with nouns. That way, all the remaining pronouns will

clearly refer to a single antecedent.

   Guilt and unkindness can be emotionally destructive to you and your friends. You

   must get rid of them.

Here are two ways you could rewrite this sentence:

   Guilt and unkindness can be emotionally destructive to you and your friends. You

   must get rid of these issues.

   Guilt and unkindness can be emotionally destructive to you and your friends. You

   must get rid of these destructive emotions.


2. Place pronouns close to their antecedents. If too many phrases come between a pronoun

and its antecedent, the sentence can be difficult to read and understand. This can happen

even if the intervening material is logically related to the rest of the sentence. Consider the

following sentence:

   After meeting a few guests, the President entered the reception. At that point, Senator               Chin and the other elected officials began to pose for pictures. Even so, he did not join             them.

In this sentence he is too far away from its antecedent, the President. One solution is to

replace he with the President. The other solution is to rewrite the sentences to move the

pronoun closer.

   After meeting a few guests, the President entered the reception. At that point, Senator           Chin and the other elected officials began to pose for pictures. Even so, the President did         not  join them.

   After meeting a few guests, the President entered the reception. He did not join Senator         Chin and the other elected officials, even though they began to pose for pictures.


Quick Tip

When you start a new paragraph, repeat the noun from the previous paragraph

rather than using a pronoun in its place. Repeating the noun (usually a name) can

help your reader more easily follow your logic.


3. Make a pronoun refer to a definite antecedent. Be sure all pronouns refer to only one

antecedent. The pronouns it, this, that, and which are especially prone to unclear pronoun

reference. Consider the following sentence:

   I told my friends that I was going to be a rock star, which annoyed my mother.

The following form is better because it is less ambiguous:

   My mother was annoyed because I told my friends that I was going to be a rock star.


The Generic Masculine Pronoun

Pronouns have number, person, and gender.


Definition                                                             Example

Number shows amount.                                       Lenny has changed his plans.

(singular or plural)                                               Lenny and Sam have changed their plans.

Person indicates whether the pronoun refers      I like to read mysteries.

to the first person (I: the person speaking),         You can get them in the library.

second person (you: the person spoken to),        Jill is studying math, which she

or third person (she: person, place, or thing        needs.

spoken about).

Gender may be masculine, feminine,                    He is a butcher; she is a baker.

or neuter.                                                                It is a fine car.


Traditionally, a masculine pronoun was used to refer to a single antecedent whose gender is

not specified.

   A student should turn in his assignments on time.

This usage is no longer considered correct, since it is sexist language. You can use both the

masculine and feminine pronouns or recast the sentence to make the pronoun plural:

   A student should turn in his or her assignments on time.

   Students should turn in their assignments on time.

Which choice is best? Consider rewriting these sentences to make the pronoun plural because

this results in smoother sentences.


Using Who, Which, That

Special rules govern the use of the relative pronouns who, which, and that.

1. Who refers to people or animals (only animals with names or special talents, like Lassie).

She is not the actress who was originally cast in the role.

2. That and which refer to things, groups, and unnamed animals.

The choice between which and that depends on whether the clause introduced by the pronoun is restrictive or nonrestrictive.

● A restrictive clause is essential to the sentence.

● A nonrestrictive clause adds extra meaning, is set off by commas, and can be removed

from the sentence.

Use that for restrictive clauses and which with nonrestrictive clauses.

   Once, at a social gathering, Gladstone said to Disraeli, “I predict, sir, that you will die

   either by hanging or by some vile disease.” (restrictive clause)

   Disraeli replied, “That all depends, sir, upon whether I embrace your principles or

   your mistress.” (restrictive clause)

   Postage meters, which are easy to use, are available at the book store. (nonrestrictive

   clause)

 

Quick Tip

In spoken English, who and whomever are becoming more and more uncommon.

Informally, people use who and whoever in almost all situations.

Verbs

Verbs name an action or describe a state of being. Every sentence must have a verb. There

are three basic types of verbs: action verbs, linking verbs, and helping verbs.


Action Verbs

Action verbs tell what the subject does. The action can be visible (jump, kiss, laugh) or mental (think, learn, study).

   The cat broke Louise’s china.

   Louise considered buying a new china cabinet.

   An action verb can be transitive or intransitive. Transitive verbs need a direct object.

   The boss dropped the ball.

   The workers picked it up.

Intransitive verbs do not need a direct object.

   Who called?

   The temperature fell over night.


Quick Tip

To determine if a verb is transitive, ask yourself “Who?” or “What?” after the verb.

If you can find an answer in the sentence, the verb is transitive.



Linking Verbs

Linking verbs join the subject and the predicate. They do not show action. Instead, they help

the words at the end of the sentence name or describe the subject. As you read earlier in this

chapter, the most common linking verbs include: be, feel, grow, seem, smell, remain, appear,

sound, stay, look, taste, turn, become. Look for forms of to be, such as am, are, is, was, were,

am being, can be, have been, and so on.


   The manager was happy about the job change.

He is a good worker.

Many linking verbs can also be used as action verbs.

Linking: The kids looked sad.

Action: I looked for the dog in the pouring rain.

Quick Tip

To determine whether a verb is being used as a linking verb or an action verb,

substitute am, are, or is for the verb. If it makes sense, the original verb is a 

linking verb.







EXERCISES Present continuous

1.1 Complete the sentences with one of the following verbs in the correct form: come    get     happen    look.   make start    stay.     tr...